Papers and Proceedings on Economics

This series provides detailed analyses on the topics of SMEs, start-ups, innovations and sustainability.

Public Development Banks: Some international trends from 2025

Stable Investments in Times of Instability: Bridging Interests to Revive International Climate Diplomacy

The economic benefits of climate action

KfW Research Position Paper March 2025: Managing the transition, strengthening growth

Let it sink in: New governance and finance structures are needed to scale up carbon dioxide removals

The Climate Financing Roadmap – How Development Finance Institutions Can Build Bridges to Unlock Private Capital

KfW Research Position Paper November 2022: A boost in investment for the transformation – what exactly is needed?

Between Economic Growth and Climate Change

KfW Research Position Paper August 2021: Emerging stronger from the coronavirus crisis – five areas of action for a sustainable transformation

The African private sector in the COVID-19 crisis: impacts, responses and perspectives

KfW Venture Capital Study 2020 – VC market Germany: Ready for the next development stage

KfW Research Position Paper August 2020 – Where to from here? The crucial next steps in the coronavirus crisis

KfW Research Position Paper May 2020 – The crisis as a catalyst for more sustainable economic management

Evaluation of the KfW Programme ERP Digitalisation and Innovation Loan (Executive Summary)

European SME Survey 2019 – Going Digital

International migration in a long-term perspective

KfW Start-up Report 2018 – Number of start-up founders increased to 108,000 in 2017

Internationalisation of European SMEs – Taking Stock and Moving Ahead

Building Momentum in Venture Capital across Europe – France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom

Regulation of Promotional Banks and potential impacts

SME Investment and Innovation – France, Germany, Italy and Spain

Critique of accommodating central bank policies and the 'expropriation of the saver' – A review

Export and import activities of young German enterprises (Executive Summary)

KfW Sustainability Indicator 2013

New or old? Comparing entrepreneurs founding a new venture to those taking over an existing business

Young and innovative, seeking … loan Financing young companies which invest in R&D

Barriers and obstacles in starting a business: Entrepreneurs and prevented entrepreneurs

Minimum expected return of private equity companies: Claims become more modest

KfW Sustainability Indicator 2012

Internationalisation in Germany's SME sector - Step by step to global presence

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KfW Research

Current analyses, indicators and polls on business cycles and the economy, both in Germany and worldwide.